![]() This occurs because the atoms or molecules in a liquid are free to slide about and change neighbors. Liquids deform easily when stressed and do not spring back to their original shape once a force is removed. A gas must be held in a closed container to prevent it from expanding freely and escaping. (c) Atoms in a gas move about freely and are separated by large distances. Forces between the atoms strongly resist attempts to compress the atoms. (b) Atoms in a liquid are also in close contact but can slide over one another. The law states that the speed v v of efflux of a fluid through a sharp-edged hole at the bottom of the tank filled to a depth h h is the same as the speed that a body (in this case a drop of water) would acquire in falling freely from a height h h, i.e.Figure 14.2 (a) Atoms in a solid are always in close contact with neighboring atoms, held in place by forces represented here by springs. Torricelli's law, also known as Torricelli's theorem, is a theorem in fluid dynamics relating the speed of fluid flowing from an orifice to the height of fluid above the opening. Every jet (even if not leaving horizontally) takes a parabolic path whose directrix is the surface of the water. The depth at which two jets cross is the sum of their source depths. Each jet reaches farther than any other jet at the point where it touches the envelope, which is at twice the depth of the jet's source. ![]() In this case, the jets have an envelope (a concept also due to Torricelli) which is a line descending at 45° from the water's surface over the jets. ![]() This diagram shows several such jets, vertically aligned, leaving the reservoir horizontally. ![]() Theorem in fluid dynamics Torricelli's law describes the parting speed of a jet of water, based on the distance below the surface at which the jet starts, assuming no air resistance, viscosity, or other hindrance to the fluid flow. ![]()
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